English sole are a diamond-shaped flatfish that have both eyes on the right side of their head. Their eyed side has sandy brown coloring, sometimes with white speckling. The tail is square-shaped.
Habitat
Larvae and juveniles live in estuaries and nearshore areas. Adults live in deeper waters, over 1,800 feet deep, over soft sand or muddy ocean bottom.
Diet
Crustaceans, worms, small bivalves, clam siphons, and other invertebrates
Life History
These fish spawn in offshore waters during an extended spawning season that varies annually, with a peak as early as September or as late as April. A newly sexually mature 3-year-old female at 12 in. long releases ~150,000 eggs, while a ten-year-old 17 in. long female will release ~1.95 million eggs. These eggs float and hatch in 3-12 days, depending on temperature. English sole are in the righteye flounder family. Metamorphosis begins when the larva is 0.6-0.7 in. long, at which point the left eye migrates to the right side of the face. Metamorphosis is complete by the time the fish reaches 0.8-0.9 in. long. Metamorphosis, which includes a change from swimming upright to side-swimming, occurs between 70 and 100 days of age. After metamorphosis, most juveniles move into estuaries though a few stay in the shallow waters of the open coast.
English sole can reach a maximum length of 24 in. long and live to ~23 years.
IUCN Status
Least Concern
Ecosystem & Cultural Importance
This fish is a target species for commercial groundfish fisheries.
English sole are important components to marine food webs. They link their benthic invertebrate prey to their predators, which include larger flatfish, lingcod, skates, spiny dogfish, common murres and other seabirds, seals, sea lions, and white-sided dolphins.
Boehlert, George W., and Bruce C. Mundy. inchesRecruitment dynamics of metamorphosing English sole, Parophorys vetulus, to Yaquina Bay, Oregon.inches Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 25.3 (1987): 261-281.
Love, Milton S. Certainly more than you want to know about the fishes of the Pacific Coast: a postmodern experience. Really Big Press: Santa Barbara. 2011. 649 pp. ISBN 978-0-9628725-6-3.
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